INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal and Aromatic plants are the potential wellspring of crude materials utilized for the manufacturing of medications and perfumery items over a fourth of the considerable number of meds utilized on the planet today contain common mixes got from plants that frequently serve lead particles whose activities can be improved by control through mixes with synthetic chemistry and by engineered science that can be neglected in the field of new medications look into and development.^1,2 The essential advantages of utilizing plants conditional medicines are that they are moderately more secure than manufactured options offering significant therapeutic advantages and increasingly reasonable treatment.³ Phytoconstituents are the characteristic bioactive mixes found in plants. These phytoconstituents work with supplements and fibers maladies and stress conditions.⁴ Phyto synthetic substances are essentially isolated into two gatherings, for example, primary and secondary constituents; as indicated by their function in plant digestion.

Essential constituents involve normal sugars, amino acids, proteins, and chlorophyll while secondary constituents contains alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids, so on.⁵ The current examination uncovered the subjective phytochemistry of medicinal pant Persicaria sagittata⁶ (Barmi local name) found in the Hamirpur region of Himachal Pradesh.

Experimental research on the local plant Barmi can bring out a great advancement in the history of the treatment of kidney stones. As per medicinal parameters, when a person is having a kidney stone, he/she is medicated with syrups, tablets (mainly allopurinol), and many other precautions.⁷ In most of the cases where the kidney stone is greater than 5mm, surgical treatments are done, which most probably carry out the chances of re-occurrence of kidney stones, locally called as “Jhadkipathari”. Hence, it will not be wrong to say that, the general medicines prescribed by the doctor cure kidney stones, but there may be chances that it may occur again.

To avoid the same, traditional practitioner use Barmi. The traditional practitioner had depicted, that use of the drug once would cure the kidney stones upto 10mm within a short interval of time with less pain, for the welfare of the human being. The current study focuses on the experimental work on the plant and extracting out and qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract identifying the presence of compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The Persicaria sagittata (Barmi local name) plant leaves were collected Hamirpur region of Himachal Pradesh. The plant was confirmed by CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University Palampur (HP) India. All other chemicals and solvents were purchased from CDH (P) Ltd and were used of an analytical grade.

Preparation of plant extracts:

The whole plant is then washed thoroughly with hot or cold water to remove all the dust and soil attached to it. The plant was washed in such a way that all the seeded flowers of it did not shed away. After that, the plant was sun-dried and it was kept in mind that it did not contain moisture.^1,2 The soxhlet assembly was set with the condenser and different solvents, such as methanol, water, petroleum ether. Petroleum ether and methanol in a specified quantity of 100ml were added to the RBF respectively and kept on the heating mantle at a continuous temperature of 90-100⁰C for a time of 3 hours. After 3 hours when the plant extract was immersed in the solvent, the whole setup was separated carefully. The extracted product collected and then kept on a water bath at a low temperature so that the remaining solvent get evaporate from the product obtained. The extracted product was then either shade-dried or sun-dried if necessary.^8-10

Phytochemical Screening:

In phytochemical screening, the diluted product was synchronized with different reagents to identify the nature of the plant. The plant’s substitute was tested for the presence of flavonoids, tannins, vitamin A by various methods.

2-3ml of the product sample was taken in different test tubes and for different chemical testing; the sample was treated with different solvents to check out the presence or absence of specified chemical strains in the plant, using Standard methods as described in Table 1.^11-17

RESULTS:

The Phytochemical screening of plant Persicaria sagittata in two different solvents viz. methanol and petroleum ether were done successfully. The results are presented in the following Table 2.

Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical screening for plant extracts.

S. No.	Phytoconstituents	Tests	Observations
1	Flavonoids	2-3ml Extract + Lead acetate solution	Yellow-white colored crystals
1	Flavonoids	Addition of the increased amount of the Sodium Hydroxide	Yellow coloration
2	Tannins:	2-3ml Extract + Ferric chloride solution (5%)	Blue color precipitation
		2-3ml Extract + lead acetate solution	White color precipitation
		2-3ml Extract + gelatin solution	White color precipitation.
		2-3ml Extract + bromine water	Decoloration of bromine water
		2-3ml Extract + acetic acid solution	Red color solution
		2-3ml Extract + potassium dichromate	Red color precipitation
		2-3ml Extract + dil. Iodine solution	Transient red color
		2-3ml Extract + dil. Nitrous acid	Reddish yellow color
3	Vitamin-A	2-3ml Extract + 1 ml of chloroform (quantity Equivalent 10-15unit) + antimony trichloride solution (5ml)	Transient blue color

*dil. = dilute

Table 2: Results of phytochemical analyses of the Persicaria sagittata Medicinal Plant.

S. No.	Phytoconstituents	Phytochemical test	Methanol	Petroleum Ether
1	Flavonoids	2-3ml Extract + Lead acetate solution	+	-
1	Flavonoids	Addition of the increased amount of the Sodium Hydroxide	+	-
2	Tannins:	2-3ml Extract + Ferric chloride solution (5%)	+	-
		2-3ml Extract + lead acetate solution	+	-
		2-3ml Extract + gelatin solution	-	-
		2-3ml Extract + bromine water	-	-
		2-3ml Extract + acetic acid solution	-	-
		2-3ml Extract + potassium dichromate	-	-
		2-3ml Extract + dil. Iodine solution	+	+
		2-3ml Extract + dil. Nitrous acid	-	-
3	Vitamin-A	2-3ml Extract + 1 ml of chloroform (quantity Equivalent 10-15unit) + antimony trichloride solution (5ml)	+	-

*dil. = dilute, + = present, - = absent

These tests showed the presence of several bioactive secondary metabolites, which might be responsible for their medicinal attributes. The observations and implications made in the phytochemical tests are presented as follows:

Flavonoids:

Flavonoids were present in the methanolic extract but it shows negative results in petroleum ether extract.

Tannins:

In the case of tannins, the product produces a maximum positive result for the methanolic extract as compared to petroleum ether extract. In some cases, both the methanolic and petroleum ether extract produces negative results, such as in the case of addition of bromine water, the addition of potassium dichromate, and the addition of dilute nitrous oxide.

Vitamin A:

Methanolic extract again shows a positive result for the presence of vitamin A in the plant in a very minute quantity. That means that the plant is having traces of vitamin A present in it.

DISCUSSION:

These secondary metabolites contribute significantly to the biological activities of medicinal plants such as hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimalarial, anticholinergic, antileprosy activities, etc. Both the extract i.e. methanolic and petroleum ether extract of medicinal plants for screening were found to possess tannins. Tannins have amazing astringent properties and helpful for uric acid treatment. They are known to hasten the healing of wounds and inflamed mucous membranes. Flavonoids are also present in the methanolic extract, which is as a potent water-soluble antioxidant, and free radical scavengers, which inhibit oxidative cell damage and have strong anticancer activity.^18-20 It also helps in managing diabetes-induced oxidative stress. They also decrease the uric acid level in serum.^21-23 There was a minute amount of Vitamin A presence in methanolic extract. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that supports skin, eye, and reproductive health, and immune function.

Phytochemicals in greenery food had incredible preparations of attraction. Mainly on their role in preventing diseases caused and the result of oxidative stress, and release reactive oxygen species has single oxygen of various radicals as a damaging side effect of aerobic metabolism. The point-by-point data of phytochemicals in different dissolvable is utilized to the procedure of being appeared in the above notice tables. This investigation showing the result of the above therapeutic plants gives a premise of utilization in the pharmaceutical industry, for producing an efficient drug. Qualitative analysis of photochemical was even more area that is fascinating and significant Application of biomedical in pharmaceutical ventures. This phytochemical investigation was valuable for discovering chemical compounds in the plant material that lead to their quantitative estimation and locating the pharmacy field.

CONCLUSION:

The medicinal pant was subjected to the extraction using methanol and petroleum ether as a solvent by soxhlet apparatus. Screening of the medicinal plants was analyzed to maximum classes of phytoconstituents is present. Medicinal plants have the highest therapeutic efficiency in the pharmaceutical field. The medicinal plants extract indicates the more positive result of methanolic plant extract, and other solvents of plant extract to indicate the result was positive. The plant extract was to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. The medicinal plants have been used to treatment of so many diseases especially for urate crystal stones as traditionally say and their medicinal roles of these plants have such a secondary product and identified the bioactive compounds. This paper reveals that above medicinal plant gives a basis of its use in medicine and develop to further drugs in pharmaceutical area and also contains different biologically active constituents, and secondary product are valuable for further analysis.

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Received on 12.07.2020 Modified on 08.09.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(8):4367-4370.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00758